Local muscle load and fatigue of simulated high-voltage cable climbing task of operation inspection personnel by surface electromyography / 环境与职业医学

Background Climbing pylons during high-voltage cable maintenance is not only a labor-intensive task, but also a challenge bringing about heat stress and mental pressure from working at height, which may lead to accumulation of muscle fatigue and work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Objective To record the local muscle fatigue during a simulated climbing task by high-voltage cable electricians based on surface electromyography (sEMG) signals, explore the characteristic changes in sEMG signals and their relationship with subjective fatigue evaluation of the task, and provide data support for developing task specific objective assessment tools for local muscle fatigue and prevention of work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Methods Ten male college students were recruited to conduct a test of a simulated pylon climbing task. The climbing distance was 60 m, and a task segment was set for every 20 m (about 100 s), recorded as T1, T2, and T3, respectively. After completing each task segment, the subjects were required to rate their subjective fatigue using the Borg's RPE Scale. Fatigue was defined by rating of perceived exertion (RPE) score ≥ 14 in this study. The sEMG signals of trapezius, erector spinae, rectus femoris, and gastrocnemius muscles were recorded wirelessly. The standardized maximal voluntary electrical activation (MVE) obtained by standardizing the root mean square (RMS) of the time domain index and the median frequency (MF) of the frequency domain index were estimated for the recorded sEMG signals, and joint amplitude and spectrum analysis (JASA) was used to evaluate local muscle fatigue of target muscles involving in the climbing task. Results The RPE scores of T1, T2, and T3 were 11.9, 15.3, and 17.4, respectively. Subjective fatigue was found in T2 and T3 but not in T1. With the extension of climbing time, the MVE values of left and right erector spinae muscles, left and right rectus femoris, and right gastrocnemius muscle increased gradually, while the MVE values of left and right trapezius muscles and left gastrocnemius muscle increased first and then decreased. The MF values of left and right rectus femoris increased at first, then remained unchanged, while the MF values of the other muscles remained basically unchanged. In T1, three muscles, including left trapezius muscle and both side of erector spinae muscles, showed fatigue; in T2, five muscles, including both sides of erector spina muscles, right trapezius muscle, and both sides of gastrocnemius muscle appeared fatigue; in T3 , except for left rectus femoris, the other seven muscles were fatigue. Conclusion The characteristic changes of electromyography signals in the simulated climbing task are not completely consistent with the typical amplitude increase and left shift of the frequency spectrum of sEMG signals in static tasks, indicating that the application of time-domain and frequency-domain analysis methods in the evaluation of muscle fatigue in climbing tasks needs further discussion. Trapezius muscles and erector spinae muscles are the first to show fatigue in the simulation, and may be the sensitive muscle groups of muscle fatigue associated with climbing movement. Compared with subjective evaluation, surface electromyography is more sensitive in the assessment of body fatigue. Fatigue is reported about 100 s of climbing (the climbing length is about 20 m).

Prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and its influencing factors among workers involving climbing task in power supply enterprises / 环境与职业医学

Background Operation and maintenance work in the power grid industry often involving climbing, manual handling, and poor postures causing serious problems like work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The influencing factors of WMSDs are not very clear, but the problem has been widely concerned in this industry. Objective To understand the prevalence and influencing factors of WMSDs among climbing task-involved workers in power supply enterprises. Methods Using a cross-sectional design, a total of 702 workers involving climbing task from 10 power supply enterprises in Jilin Province, Tianjin Municipality, and Shandong province were selected as study subjects using cluster sampling. The Musculoskeletal Disorders Questionnaire which was revised by Lei Yang was used to estimate the prevalence and identify related factors of WMSDs. \begin{document}$ {\chi

Impactos da prática do arvorismo sobre as representações sociais dos praticantes / Impacts of tree climbing practice on practitioners social representations / Impactos de la práctica de escalar árboles en las representaciones sociales de los practicantes

As Práticas Corporais de Aventura têm ganhado visibilidade e adeptos nos últimos anos. A popularização das modalidades, as amplas possibilidades de experimentação e a maior divulgação têm levado cada vez mais as pessoas a optar por essa atividade. O objetivo do estudo foi compreender as representações sociais compartilhadas por determinado grupo de pessoas ao praticar o arvorismo. Os resultados demonstram que as representações sociais dos participantes sofreram modificações quando comparado o antes e o depois da vivência do arvorismo. As representações sociais identificadas antes da prática do arvorismo estiveram associadas ao medo e ao desafio, mas depois da vivência surgiram associações com força e coragem, apontando assim para indícios de que a prática da aventura promoveu impactos na estrutura das representações sociais dos praticantes.

Adventure Body Practices have gained visibility and supporters in recent years. The popularization of the modalities, the wide possibilities of experimentation and the greater dissemination have led more and more people to opt for this activity. The objective of the study was to understand the social representations shared by a certain group of people when practicing tree climbing. The results show that the social representations of the participants have changed when comparing the before and after experience of tree climbing. The social representations identified before the practice of tree climbing were associated with fear and challenge, but after the experience, associations with strength and courage emerged, thus pointing to evidence that the practice of adventure promoted impacts on the structure of the practitioners' social representations.

Prácticas Corporales de Aventura ha ganado visibilidad y seguidores en los últimos años. La popularización de las modalidades, las amplias posibilidades de experimentación y la mayor difusión han llevado a que cada vez más personas se decanten por esta actividad. El objetivo del estudio fue comprender las representaciones sociales compartidas por un determinado grupo de personas al practicar escalada de árboles. Los resultados muestran que las representaciones sociales de los participantes han cambiado al comparar el antes y el después de la experiencia de trepar árboles. Las representaciones sociales identificadas antes de la práctica de la escalada de árboles se asociaron con el miedo y el desafío, pero después de la experiencia surgieron asociaciones con la fuerza y el coraje, lo que apunta a evidencias de que la práctica de la aventura promovió impactos en la estructura de las representaciones sociales de los practicantes.

Optimization of the medium and fermentation condition for the Penicillium aurantiocandidum Z12 strain with molluscicidal actions against Oncomelania hupensis / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To optimize the culture and fermentation conditions of the Penicillium aurantiocandidum Z12 strain, a fungal strain with molluscicidal actions against Oncomelania hupensis, so as to provide the basis for the research and development of molluscicidal active substances from the P. aurantiocandidum Z12 strain and its fermentation broth and large-scale fermentation. Methods The carbon source, nitrogen source and mineral salts were identified in the optimal culture medium for the P. aurantiocandidum Z12 strain with a single-factor experiment to determine the best fermentation condition for the P. aurantiocandidum Z12 strain. Factors that significantly affected the growth of the P. aurantiocandidum Z12 strain were identified using the Plackett-Burman design, and the best range of each factor was determined using the steepest climb test. Response surface analyses of temperature, pH value, seeding amount and liquid-filling quantity were performed using the Box-Behnken design to create a regression model for fermentation of the P. aurantiocandidum Z12 strain to identify the optimal culture medium. Results Single-factor experiment preliminarily identified the best culture medium and conditions for the P. aurantiocandidum Z12 strain as follows: sucrose as the carbon source at approximately 20 g/L, tryptone as the nitrogen source at approximately 5 g/L, K2HPO4 as the mineral salt at approximately 5 g/L, initial pH at approximately 8, temperature at approximately 28 °C, seeding amount at approximately 6%, and liquid-filling quantity at approximately 50 mL/100 mL. Plackett-Burman design showed that factors that significantly affected the growth of the P. aurantiocandidum Z12 strain included temperature (t = −5.28, P < 0.05), seeding amount (t = 5.22, P < 0.05), pH (t = −4.30, P < 0.05) and liquid-filling quantity (t = −4.39, P < 0.05). Steepest climb test showed the highest mycelial growth at pH of 7.5, seeding amount of 8%, and liquid-filling quantity of 40 mL/100 mL, and this condition was selected as the central point of response surface analysis for the subsequent optimization of fermentation conditions. Response surface analyses using the Box-Behnken design showed that the optimal conditions for fermentation of the P. aurantiocandidum Z12 strain included sucrose at 15 g/L, tryptone at 5 g/L, K2HPO4 at 5 g/L, temperature at 28.2 °C, pH at 7.5, seeding amount at 10%, and liquid-filling quantity at 35.8 mL/100.0 mL, resulting in 0.132 g yield of the P. aurantiocandidum Z12 strain. Conclusion The optimal culture condition for the P. aurantiocandidum Z12 strain has been identified, and the optimized culture medium and fermentation condition may effectively improve the fermentation yield of the P. aurantiocandidum Z12 strain.

Surface electromyography of lower limb muscles in healthy middle-aged and old women during stair ascent and descent / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo observe the lower limb muscle activation strategy of healthy middle-aged and old women during stair ascent and descent with surface electromyography. MethodsFrom August, 2021 to February, 2022, 20 healthy middle-aged and old women were measured the surface electromyography root mean square (RMS) and integrated electromyography (iEMG) of bilateral vastus lateral, rectus femoris, vastus medialis, biceps femoris and semitendinosus during stair ascent and descent, and co-contraction ratio was calculated. ResultsDuring stair ascent, the RMS of bilateral vastus lateral, rectus femoris and vastus medialis was higher at starting stage than at following stage (|t| > 6.650, P < 0.001), while the RMS of biceps femoris and semitendinosus was lower (t > 3.559, P < 0.01); and the co-contraction ratio of hamstrings/quadriceps was lower at starting stage than at following stage (t > 8.185, P < 0.001). During stair descent, the RMS of bilateral vastus lateral, vastus medialis, biceps femoris and semitendinosus was higher at following stage than at starting stage (t > 2.345, P < 0.05), as well as the co-contraction ratio of hamstrings/quadriceps (t > 2.405, P < 0.05). ConclusionThe activities of the muscles around the knees are almost symmetrical during stair ascent and descent for healthy middle-aged and old women. The activation and co-contraction ratio of quadriceps and hamstring are various at starting/following stages.

Paullinieae (Sapindaceae) of the restingas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: taxonomy and distribution / Paullinieae (Sapindaceae) das restingas do estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil: taxonomia e distribuição

Abstract Paullinieae is a predominantly neotropical tribe comprising six genera (Cardiospermum, Lophostigma, Paullinia, Serjania, Thinouia and Urvillea), of which Lophostigma is the only one not found in Brazil. This study was conducted in the sandy coastal plains (restingas) of Rio de Janeiro state, which from the mouth of the Itabapoana river in the north, bordering Espírito Santo state, to Ponta da Trindade (including Ilha Grande) in the south, bordering São Paulo state. This ecosystem has great biodiversity, but has been constantly threatened by deforestation, human occupation and degradation resulting from tourism. In this area we found 30 species in five genera: Cardiospermum (1 sp.), Paullinia (9 spp.), Serjania (15), Thinouia (2) and Urvillea (3). The taxonomic treatment includes a key to identify the taxa, and for each species a morphological description, illustrations, a map of its geographical distribution, ecological information, phenological data, and conservation status. Most species occurred in ridge forests, followed by dune thicket and non-flooded scrub formations. Among of the 30 species, four (Paullinia coriacea, P. ternata, Serjania fluminensis and S. littoralis) were recorded only in the sandy coastal plains, and four are endemic to Rio de Janeiro state (Serjania eucardia, S. fluminensis, S. littoralis and S. tenuis). In addition, four species are already included in the Red List of Brazilian Flora and another three are indicated in this study as threatened. This research is important not only to improve knowledge of Paullinieae species found in Rio de Janeiro's sandy coastal plains, but also to provide information to be used for conservation measures in the State, as well as in other coastal plains of Brazil.

Resumo Paullinieae é uma tribo predominantemente neotropical e compreende seis gêneros (Cardiospermum, Lophostigma, Paullinia, Serjania, Thinouia e Urvillea), dos quais Lophostigma é o único gênero não encontrado no Brasil. Este estudo foi conduzido nas restingas do estado do Rio de Janeiro, que começam na foz do rio Itabapoana, na fronteira com o estado do Espírito Santo e se estende até a Ponta da Trindade (incluindo a Ilha Grande), próximo à fronteira com o estado de São Paulo. Este ecossistema possui grande biodiversidade, mas tem sido constantemente ameaçado pelo desmatamento, ocupação humana e ações de degradação decorrentes do turismo. Nesta área foram encontradas 30 espécies pertencentes a cinco gêneros: Cardiospermum (1 spp), Paullinia (9 spp), Serjania (15), Thinouia (2) e Urvillea (3). O tratamento taxonômico incluiu descrição e chave para identificação das espécies, informações sobre as formações vegetacionais das restingas onde cada táxon ocorre, além de ilustrações e mapas de distribuição geográfica das espécies. A maioria das espécies ocorre em floresta de cordão arenoso, seguidas das espécies de vegetação arbustiva fechada de cordão arenoso e arbustiva aberta não inundável. Entre as 30 espécies, quatro delas (P. coriacea, P. ternata, S. fluminensis e S. littoralis) são encontradas apenas nas formações de restinga e quatro espécies são endêmicas do Rio de Janeiro (S. eucardia, S. fluminensis, S. littoralis e S. tenuis). Além disso, quatro espécies já estão incluídas na Lista Vermelha da Flora do Brasil e outras três estão indicadas neste estudo. Este trabalho é importante não apenas para melhorar o conhecimento das espécies de Paullinieae encontradas nas restingas do Rio de Janeiro, mas também para fornecer informações a serem utilizadas em medidas de conservação no Estado e nas demais regiões de restinga do Brasil.

Stair climbing and incident atrial fibrillation: a prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND@#A protective role for physical activity against the development of atrial fibrillation (AF) has been suggested. Stair climbing is a readily available form of physical activity that many people practice. Herein, we investigated the association between stair climbing and the risk of AF in a Japanese population.@*METHODS@#In this prospective cohort study, we used data of 6,575 people registered in the Suita Study, aged 30-84 years, and had no history of AF. The frequency of stair climbing was assessed by a baseline questionnaire, while AF was diagnosed during the follow-up using a 12-lead ECG, health records, check-ups, and death certificates. We used the Cox regression to calculate the hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of AF incidence for climbing stairs in 20-39%, 40-59%, and ≥60% compared with <20% of the time.@*RESULTS@#Within 91,389 person-years of follow-up, 295 participants developed AF. The incidence of AF was distributed across the stair climbing groups <20%, 20-39%, 40-59%, and ≥60% as follows: 3.57, 3.27, 3.46, and 2.63/1,000 person-years, respectively. Stair climbing ≥60% of the time was associated with a reduced risk of AF after adjustment for age and sex 0.69 (0.49, 0.96). Further adjustment for lifestyle and medical history did not affect the results 0.69 (0.49, 0.98).@*CONCLUSION@#Frequent stair climbing could protect from AF. From a preventive point of view, stair climbing could be a simple way to reduce AF risk at the population level.

Composición corporal, parámetros bioeléctricos y fuerza de prensión manual en escaladores chilenos federados y recreativos / Body composition, bioelectrical parameters, and handgrip strength in federated and recreational Chilean climbers

RESUMEN: El objetivo del siguiente estudio fue determinar y comparar los valores de composición corporal, parámetros bioeléctricos y fuerza de prensión manual de escaladores chilenos federados y recreativos. Participaron voluntariamente 13 escaladores chilenos, de los cuales 4 eran federados (25,75 ± 2,87 años) y 9 recreativos (22,33 ± 1,41 años). La composición corporal se evaluó por medio de un impedanciómetro bioeléctrico octopolar multifrecuencia, mientras que la fuerza de prensión manual se determinó con un dinamómetro manual. Si bien no hubo diferencias en las variables de composición corporal entre ambos grupos, el ángulo de fase del tronco fue superior en los federados en comparación a los recreativos (p = 0,011 [95 % IC = 1,10; 5,20]). Respecto a la fuerza de prensión manual, la fuerza relativa fue superior para los federados (p = 0,025 [95 % IC = 0,10; 0,22]), mientras que la diferencia de la fuerza entre la mano dominante y no dominante fue mayor para los recreativos (p = 0,012 [95 % IC = 1,60; 10,05]). Este es uno de los primeros estudios que explora las diferencias entre escaladores chilenos federados y recreativos. Los resultados sugieren una diferenciación a nivel de ángulo de fase y fuerza de prensión manual, lo cual debería corroborarse con futuros estudios.

SUMMARY: This study aimed to determine and compare the body composition, bioelectric parameters, and handgrip strength in federated and recreational Chilean climbers. Thirteen Chilean climbers voluntarily participated, being 4 federated (25.75 ± 2.87 years) and 9 recreational (22.33 ± 1.41 years). Body composition was measured using a multifrequency octopolar bioelectrical impedance meter, while handgrip strength was determined with a dynamometer. Although there were no statistical differences in the body composition variables between groups, the trunk phase angle was statistically higher in the federated compared to the recreational climbers (p = 0,011 [95 % CI = 1,10; 5,20]). Regarding handgrip strength, the relative strength was higher for federated (p = 0,025 [95 % CI = 0,10; 0,22]), while the difference in strength between dominant and non-dominant hand was higher for recreational climbers (p = 0,012 [95 % CI = 1,60; 10,05]). This study is one of the first that explore the differences between federated and recreational Chilean climbers. These results suggest a differentiation at the level of phase angle and handgrip strength, which should be corroborated in future studies.

Validación teórica de ejercicios de resistencia-fuerza para la prueba combinada de escalada deportiva, categoría juvenil-senior / Validação teórica de exercícios de resistência-força para o teste combinado de escalada desportiva, categoria juvenil-sênior / Theoretical validation of endurance-strength exercises for the combined sport climbing test, junior-senior category

RESUMEN La resistencia a la fuerza es la capacidad física de mantener la fuerza a un nivel constante mientras dure un gesto deportivo determinado, capacidad determinante en muchos deportes, donde la escalada deportiva no es excepción; por tanto, el estudio teórico-práctico que contribuya a mejorar dicha capacidad en la escala deportiva permitirá mejorar la gestión del entrenamiento deportivo en dicho deporte. El objetivo de este trabajo es validar teóricamente una propuesta de ejercicios físicos para el entrenamiento de la resistencia-fuerza, en la prueba combinada de escalada deportiva, en un rango etario comprendido entre 16-21 años. La investigación aplicada es de tipo teórico-descriptiva de orden correlacional y base cualitativa, con estudio de criterios, de 13 especialistas en cuatro ítems (originalidad, calidad, especialización y objetividad) que evalúan teóricamente en dos momentos un grupo de ejercicios físicos especializados para potenciar la resistencia-fuerza. Como resultados, se exponen que se incrementaron cuantitativa y cualitativamente todas las categorías evaluables como parte del postest, en originalidad (pretest: dos puntos; postest: cuatro puntos; p=0.000); en calidad (pretest: tres puntos, postest: cuatro puntos; p=0.000); en especialización (pretest: tres puntos, postest: cuatro puntos, p=0.000) y en objetividad (pretest: cuatro puntos; postest, cinco puntos; p=0.001). La propuesta de ejercicios de resistencia-fuerza para la prueba combinada de escalada deportiva cumple teóricamente con los supuestos de originalidad, calidad, especialización y objetividad, es una propuesta satisfactoria, según el criterio teórico de los especialistas consultados.

RESUMO A resistência à força é a capacidade física de manter a força a um nível constante enquanto durar um gesto desportivo determinado, capacidade determinante em muitos desportos, onde a escalada desportiva não é excepção; portanto, o estudo teórico-prático que contribua para melhorar essa capacidade na escala desportiva permitirá melhorar a gestão do treino desportivo no desporto. O objetivo deste trabalho é validar teoricamente uma proposta de exercícios físicos para o treinamento da resistência-força, na prova combinada de escalada esportiva, em uma faixa etária compreendida entre 16-21 anos. A pesquisa aplicada é de tipo teórico-descritivo de ordem correlacional e base qualitativa, com estudo de critérios, de 13 especialistas em quatro itens (originalidade, qualidade, especialização e objetividade) que avaliam teoricamente em dois momentos um grupo de exercícios físicos especializados para potenciar a resistência-força. Como resultados, é exposto que todas as categorias avaliáveis aumentaram quantitativa e qualitativamente como parte do pós-teste, em originalidade (pré-teste: dois pontos; pós-teste: quatro pontos; p=0.000); em qualidade (pré-teste: três pontos, pós-teste: quatro pontos; p=0.000); em especialização (pré-teste: três pontos, pós-teste: quatro pontos, p=0.000) e em objetividade (pré-teste: quatro pontos; pós-teste, cinco pontos; p=0.001). A proposta de exercícios de resistência para o teste combinado de escalada desportiva obedece teoricamente aos pressupostos de originalidade, qualidade, especialização e objetividade; é uma proposta satisfatória, de acordo com os critérios teóricos dos especialistas consultados.

ABSTRACT Strength endurance is the physical capacity to maintain strength at a constant level for the duration of a given sporting gesture, a determining capacity in many sports, where sport climbing is no exception; therefore, the theoretical-practical study that contributes to improve this capacity in sport climbing will allow improving the management of sport training in this sport. The objective of this work is to theoretically validate a proposal of physical exercises for endurance-strength training, in the combined sport climbing test, in an age range between 16-21 years old. The applied research is of theoretical-descriptive type of correlational order and qualitative base, with a study of criteria, of 13 specialists in four items (originality, quality, specialization and objectivity) that evaluate theoretically in two moments a group of specialized physical exercises to enhance endurance-strength. As results, it is presented that all the evaluable categories increased quantitatively and qualitatively as part of the post-test, in originality (pre-test: two points; post-test: four points; p=0.000); in quality (pre-test: three points, post-test: four points; p=0.000); in specialization (pre-test: three points, post-test: four points, p=0.000) and in objectivity (pre-test: four points; post-test, five points; p=0.001). The proposal of endurance-strength exercises for the combined sport climbing test theoretically complies with the assumptions of originality, quality, specialization and objectivity; it is a satisfactory proposal, according to the theoretical criteria of the specialists consulted.

The predictive value of stair climbing test combined with arterial blood gas analysis on postoperative complications in lung cancer patients with limited pulmonary function / 中华胸心血管外科杂志

Objective:To evaluate the predictive value of stair climbing test combined with arterial blood gas analysis on postoperative complications in lung cancer patients with limited pulmonary function.Methods:A total of 1 231 hospitalized lung cancer patients with limited pulmonary function dating from August 2012 to August 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. Included in the cohort were 766 of patients who underwent stair climbing test(SCT) preoperatively and completed data collection. Patients were grouped according to their general condition, past medical history, surgical approach, pulmonary function test(PFT) and SCT results. Comparison of the postoperative cardiopulmonary complication rates were made between different groups, and independent risk factors were identified.Results:A total of 182 cardiopulmonary-related complications occurred in 144 cases, accounting for 18.8% of the entire cohort. Perioperative mortality rate was 0.9%(7/766). The rate of postoperative cardiopulmonary complications was significantly different between the groups stratified by gender, age, smoking index, PFT index(FEV1%, DLCO%), SCT results(height achieved, speed, changes in heart rate and oxygen saturation of the arteries before and after the test), ASA score, surgical approach(VATS/Open), resection range(Lobectomy/Sublobectomy), anesthetic duration, blood loss volume, etc. Logistic regression analysis showed that only height achieved( P<0.001), changes in heart rate( P<0.001), changes in oxygen saturation of the arteries( P=0.001), resection range( P=0.006) and anesthetic duration( P=0.025) were independent risk factors for cardiopulmonary-related complications in lung cancer patients with limited pulmonary function. Conclusion:The stair climbing test combined with arterial blood gas analysis could be used as a preoperative screening method for lung cancer patients with limited lung function and may have a predictive value for postoperative cardiopulmonary-related complications.

A construção de valores ambientais em práticas de lazer através da escalada / The environmental values development in leisure practices trough climbing

Por ser uma prática que vem ganhando muitos adeptos, a escalada segue se destacando e se tornando objeto de estudos acadêmicos na área de Educação Física. O objetivo do estudo é investigar a construção de valores ambientais a partir das experiências através da prática da escalada ao ar livre. Este estudo tem natureza qualitativa, descritiva e transversal. A amostra foi composta por dezesseis sujeitos com idades entre 20 e 40 anos. As variáveis investigadas foram analisadas por um questionário online, com questões sobre a construção de valores ambientais que a prática da escalada pode proporcionar. Os dados foram analisados de forma qualitativa através de análise de conteúdo e apresentados através de gráficos e tabelas comparativas. Concluiu-se nesta pesquisa que existe um satisfatório desenvolvimento de construção de valores ambientais através da prática da escalada, em especial com mudanças nas relações e atitudes diante da natureza, além da promoção de valores sociais, culturais, psicológicos e cognitivos na vida cotidiana dos praticantes.

As a practice that has been gaining many followers, Climbing continues standing out and becoming the object of academic studies in the area of Physical Education. The aim of this study is to investigate the development of environmental from the experiences through the practice of Climbing. This study carried out has a qualitative, descriptive and cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of sixteen participants aged from 20 to 40 years old. The variables investigated were analyzed by an online questionnaire with questions about the development of environmental values Climbing practices can offer. The data were analyzed by a qualitative format through the contente analysis and presented by comparative charts and tables. The research identified the relationship between Climbing and the development of values. It was possible to conclude that exists a satisfactory development of environmental values through Climbing practice, specially with changes in the relations and attitudes in the face of the nature, besides the promotion of social, cultural, psychological and cognitive values in the daily life of the practitioners.

O corpo-em-fluxo na escalada em ambiente natural: possibilidades de emancipação / The body-in-flow in climbing in a natural environment: possibilities for emancipation / El cuerpo en flujo en la escalada en un entorno natural: posibilidades de emancipación

Busca-se neste ensaio refletir sobre a escalada em ambiente natural enquanto uma prática emancipatória de imersão na natureza, em que o participante pode se transformar o longo do trajeto, sentindo-se mais integrado ao meio, potente corporalmente e com os sentidos aguçados. Para tanto, faz-se análise da teoria de fluxo apresentada por Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, relacionando os elementos de desfrute elencados pelo autor como presentes na experiência ótima, com as potencialidades do corpo em movimento na escalada percebidas e analisadas pelo filósofo e montanhista francês Michel Serres. São investigados os treinamentos necessários para a prática, os riscos envolvidos na ação e a qualidade da experiência empreendida. Propõe-se o termo corpo-em-fluxo enquanto postura ecológica, trazendo a possibilidade de se pensar em estados corporais específicos que permitem ao praticante transformar-se ao longo da atividade.

This essay seeks to reflect on climbing in a natural environment as an emancipatory practice of immersion in nature, in which the participant can transform himself along the way, feeling more integrated to the environment, powerfully bodily and with keen senses. For this, an analysis of the flow theory presented by Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi is made, relating the elements of enjoyment listed by the author as present in the optimal experience, with the potentialities of the body in movement in the climbing perceived and analyzed by the French philosopher and mountaineer Michel Serres. The necessary training for the practice, the risks involved in the action and the quality of the experience undertaken are investigated. The term body-in-flow is proposed as an ecological posture, bringing the possibility of thinking about specific bodily states that allow the practitioner to transform himself throughout the action.

Este ensayo pretende reflexionar sobre la escalada en entorno natural como una práctica emancipadora de inmersión en la naturaleza, en que el participante puede transformarse a lo largo del camino, sintiéndose más integrado en el entorno, con un cuerpo poderoso y con sentidos agudos. Para ello, se hace un análisis de la teoría del flujo presentada por Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, relacionando los elementos de disfrute que el autor enumera como presentes en la experiencia óptima, con las potencialidades del cuerpo en movimiento en la escalada percibidas y analizadas por el filósofo y alpinista francés Michel Serres. Se investiga la formación necesaria para la práctica, los riesgos que conlleva la acción y la calidad de la experiencia emprendida. El término "cuerpo en flujo" se propone como una postura ecológica, lo que trae la posibilidad de pensar en estados corporales específicos que permiten al practicante transformarse a sí mismo a lo largo de la acción.

Development of a three-channel automatic climbing training system for rat rehabilitation after ischemic stroke

This paper reports the development of a three-channel automatic speed-matching climbing training system that could train three rats at the same time for rehabilitation after an ischemic stroke. An infrared (IR) remote sensor was installed at the end of each channel to monitor the real-time position of a climbing rat. This research was carried out in five stages: i) system design; ii) hardware circuit; iii) running speed control; iv) functional testing; and v) verification using an animal model of cerebral stroke. The rehabilitated group significantly outperformed the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) sedentary group in the rota-rod and inclined plate tests 21 days after a stroke. The rehabilitated group also had a cerebral infarction volume of 28.34±19.4%, far below 56.81±18.12% of the MCAo group 28 days after the stroke, validating the effectiveness of this training platform for stroke rehabilitation. The running speed of the climbing rehabilitation training platform was designed to adapt to the physical conditions of subjects, and overtraining injuries can be completely prevented accordingly.

Effects of Electro-Acupuncture on Vertical Ground Reaction Force and Impulse Symmetry of Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis during Stair Climbing / 医用生物力学

Objective To observe the effects of electro-acupuncture on loading of lower limb joints in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA) during stair climbing and explore the related biomechanical mechanism. Methods Forty patients with KOA were randomly assigned, with 20 patients in observation group (electro-acupuncture group, EA group) and 20 patients in control group (superficial acupuncture group, SA group). Finally 18 patients in each group completed the study. In observation group, seven knee acupuncture points were chosen and patients were connected with electro-acupuncture instrument; while in control group, the electro-acupuncture instrument was connected but not electrified after superficial acupuncture at non-acupoint points. The three-dimensional gait analysis system was used to assess the biomechanical characteristics during stair climbing before and after treatment, including peak vertical force (PFz), vertical impulse (IFz) and symmetry index (SI%). Results After 3 weeks of treatment in EA group, PFz of the right foot during stair ascent and PFz of the left foot during stair descent increased (P＜0.05); IFz of both feet during stair ascent and IFz of the right foot during stairs descent significantly decreased (P＜0.05); no significant differences were found in SI% of peak and impulse (P＞0.05). In SA group, only SI of impulse during stairs ascent increased (P＜0.05). There was no significant difference between two groups before and after treatment (P＞0.05). Conclusions Electro-acupuncture can effectively improve the joint load capacity and reduce the dynamic cumulative load of patients w

Effects of Stair Climbing on Blood Pressure, Lipid Profiles, and Physical Fitness / 대한스포츠의학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study is to identify the effects of worker's stair-climbing on blood pressure, lipid profiles, and physical fitness. METHODS: After recruiting 114 healthy adult women aged 20 to 64 years who have had sedentary for more than 3 months, we divided into two groups: the stair group (SG, n=57) and control group (CG, n=57). SG was supposed to do stair-climbing in daily life like workplace and home for 12 weeks. To investigate the effects of the lifestyle changing of stair-climbing, resting blood pressure, heart rate (HR), and lipid profiles were measured before and after 12-week stair-climbing. Also, physical fitness items such as peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak), back muscle strength, sit and reach, isokinetic strength of knee joint, static and dynamic balance were measured. RESULTS: As a result of the 12-week lifestyle changing of stair-climbing, resting systolic blood pressure (SBP; p < 0.05) and HR (p < 0.01) were significantly decreased in SG. Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) was significantly reduced in SG (p < 0.05). There was a significant improvement in the VO2peak (p < 0.001). There were a significant improvement in back strength (p < 0.001) and bilateral knee extensor (60°/sec: p < 0.05, p < 0.01, 180°/sec: p < 0.01, p < 0.01) and knee flexor (180°/sec: p < 0.01, p < 0.05) of isokinetic strength. There were significant improvements in static balance of one leg standing eye-closed (p < 0.05) and dynamic balance of left/right velocity (p < 0.01), forward/backward velocity (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: In this study, 12 weeks of lifestyle changing of stair-climbing improved SBP, resting HR, LDL-C, VO2peak, back and knee strength, static and dynamic balance as well as increased physical activity volume of stair-climbing in the daily living.

The study of effects of inhibition of the renin angiotensin system on memory in rats

Background: The existence of an independent renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) has been well-established and is known to modulate various pathological processes such as neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and neural injury, in addition to the RAAS in the cardiovascular system.Methods: Eighteen Wistar rats were divided into 3 study groups (n=6; Losartan, Ramipril, Normal Saline), trained on the Cook’s Pole climbing apparatus till the conditioned avoidance response (CAR) rate was 100%. The retention of CAR was tested each week for 4 consecutive weeks. The number of times that the animal successfully avoided the shock, and the time taken for this avoidance were measured and compared with placebo (Normal Saline). The values have been expressed as Mean±Standard Deviation (SD). A p-value of less than 0.05 has been considered as significant.Results: The retention of the conditioned avoidance response in the group receiving study drugs was significantly more than the placebo group. However, there was no show significant difference between Losartan and Ramipril in the rate of retention, or the time taken for avoidance.Conclusions: In this study, Ramipril and Losartan have a beneficial effect on learning and memory as compared to plcebo.

The Effects of Therapeutic Climbing on Shoulder Muscle Activity according to the Inclination of the Climbing Wall

PURPOSE: Therapeutic climbing has become very popular today, with it being reported as a new method for preventing and treating orthopedic trauma to the shoulder joint. However, objective studies on its effects on the musculoskeletal system are still lacking. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of wall inclination during therapeutic climbing on the muscle activity around the shoulder joint. METHODS: In this study, the participants performed movements at three different inclination angles of 0°, +15°, and −15°. sEMG was performed to measure the activities of five different muscles around the shoulder joint (biceps brachii, serratus anterior, upper trapezius, middle trapezius, and lower trapezius muscles). RESULTS: Biceps brachii muscle showed a significant increase at −15°, as compared to 0° (p 0.05). CONCLUSION: Therapeutic climbing may be a new therapeutic approach that can increase muscle strength and coordination in the sensory nervous system, since it can be used as a tool that promotes active movement by altering wall inclination and causing the user to generate movements according to the existing situation.

Climbing plants of Porto Ferreira State Park, southeastern Brazil / Trepadeiras do Parque Estadual de Porto Ferreira, Brasil

Abstract A floristic survey of climbing plants was carried out in an ecotone area of seasonal semideciduous forest (SSF) and forested savanna (CER), in Porto Ferreira State Park (PFSP), Southeastern Brazil. We sampled the reproductive specimens every month during two periods, March 2010 to September 2011 and April and July 2015. The surveys were performed by the walking method, and the sampled individuals were classified by habit, climbing mechanism and dispersal mode. Overall, 109 species, belonging to 67 genera and 29 families, were recorded; 49 species occurred in both, 29 and 31 were exclusive to SSF and CER, respectively. Bignoniaceae and Malpighiaceae were the richest families, with 17 species, followed by Sapindaceae (12 species), Asteraceae and Apocynaceae (8 species each) and Fabaceae (6). The majority of climbers were lianas, twining and anemochoric species, corresponding to 70%, 47% and 66% of all samples, respectively. In this work, we added one new family and 14 species to the Cerrado's list of climbing plants from São Paulo state, and 10 species to the Brazilian seasonal semideciduous forest's list. Therefore, we contributed to the understanding of diversity of climbing plants in vegetation types poorly studied for this plant group, mainly in the Cerradão, wherein we found new records for several species.

Resumo O levantamento florístico das trepadeiras foi realizado em um ecótono de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (FES) e Cerradão (CER), no Parque Estadual de Porto Ferreira, Sudeste do Brasil. Realizamos coletas mensais dos espécimes reprodutivos ao longo de dois períodos, março 2010 a setembro 2011, abril e julho 2015. Os levantamentos foram realizados por meio do método de caminhada e os indivíduos amostrados foram classificados quanto ao hábito, mecanismo de ascensão e síndrome de dispersão. No geral, foram registradas 109 espécies, pertencentes a 67 gêneros e 29 famílias. Dentre essas, 49 espécies ocorrem nos dois tipos de vegetação, sendo que 29 e 31 espécies são exclusivas de FES e CER, respectivamente. Bignoniaceae e Malpighiaceae foram as famílias mais ricas com 17 espécies, seguidas por Sapindaceae (12 espécies), Asteraceae e Apocynaceae (8 espécies cada) e Fabaceae (6). A maioria das espécies de trepadeiras são lianas, volúveis e anemocóricas, correspondendo a 70%, 47% e 66% de toda a amostra, respectivamente. Neste trabalho, acrescentamos uma nova família e 14 espécies para a lista de trepadeiras do Cerrado paulista e 10 espécies para a lista brasileira de trepadeiras em Floresta Estacional Semidecidual. Portanto, contribuímos para o conhecimento da diversidade de trepadeiras em tipos vegetacionais pouco estudados para este grupo de planta, destacando o Cerradão, no qual encontramos novos registros para um grande número de espécies.

Pelvic, Hip, and Knee Kinematics of Stair Climbing in People with Genu Varum

PURPOSE: This study examined the effects of the lower limb alignment on the pelvis, hip, and knee kinematics in people with genu varum during stair walking. METHODS: Forty subjects were enrolled in this study. People who had intercondylar distance ≥4cm were classified in the genu varum group, and people who had intercondylar distance < 4cm and intermalleolar distance < 4cm were placed in the control group. 3D motion analysis was used to collect the pelvis, hip, and knee kinematic data while subjects were walking stairs with three steps. RESULTS: During stair ascent, the genu varum group had decreased pelvic lateral tilt and hip adduction at the early stance phase and decreased pelvic lateral tilt at the swing phase compared to the control group. At the same time, they had decreased minimal hip adduction ROM at the early stance and decreased maximum pelvic lateral tilt ROM and minimum hip rotation ROM at the swing phase. During stair descent, the genu varum group had decreased pelvic lateral tilt at the early stance and decreased pelvic lateral tilt and pelvic rotation at the swing phase. In addition, they had decreased pelvic frontal ROM during single limb support and increased knee sagittal ROM during the whole gait cycle. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that a genu varum deformity could affect the pelvis, hip and knee kinematics. In addition, the biomechanical risk factors that could result in the articular impairments by the excessive loads from lower limb malalignment were identified.

Liana species composition differs, in spite of trait similarities, in two adjacent forest types in Central Brazil

Abstract:In the Parana basin, the Serra de Maracaju juxtaposes the Seasonal Dry Forest and the cerradão (a phytophysiognomy of Cerrado), two distinct vegetation types that differ in canopy height, tree density, and composition of the understory. In the same way, these differences may be reflected in the composition of climbing plant species found in these two forest types. Thus, in this study we compared the climbing species in two forest fragments of Serra de Maracaju to understand: (1) Are species richness and floristic composition of climbing plants similar in cerradão and seasonal deciduous forest?, (2) What degree of floristic compositional difference exists between the two vegetation types?, (3) Do the two vegetation types differ significantly in climbing mechanisms, life forms, and dispersal syndromes represented among climbing species? For this, we established and sampled four plots per forest type over 24 months. Species were identified and each one classified, based on three discrete traits. Proportional differences were analyzed using chi-square tests. Our results showed that species richness and floristic composition of climbing plants in the cerradão and the seasonal deciduous forest were not similar. Climber species richness in cerradão was 37 while in the seasonal deciduous forest it was 31; they share only 13 species. Four families, Dioscoreaceae, Fabaceae, Malpighiaceae, and Sapindaceae, included over 60 % of the climbing species. The morphological traits most common in both forest types were herbaceous life form, apical twining mechanism, and wind dispersal. Dioscoreaceae was found to be the dominant family, but is the first time to be reported for this condition in Brazil. Bignoniaceae and Passifloraceae ocurred only in the cerradão, and Asteraceae and Combretaceae in the seasonal deciduous forest; some species were found exclusively in a type of forest. Floristic composition of the cerradão and seasonal deciduous forest fragments were substantially different, in spite of physical proximity. However, their climbing species are not statistically distinct in morphological characteristics, possibly due to uniform climatic conditions and the similarity of species because of a shared ancestry (similar families). Rev. Biol. Trop. 65 (3): 1215-1225. Epub 2017 September 01.

Resumen:La Serra de Maracaju yuxtapone los distintos tipos de vegetación de la floresta seca estacional y del cerradón (la fitofisiognomía del cerrado). Los dos tipos de vegetación son distintos en altura de copa, densidad de árboles y composición del sotobosque. Estas diferencias deben reflejarse en la composición de especies de plantas trepadoras que se encuentran en los dos tipos de bosque. Especies trepadoras de dos fragmentos forestales de la Serra de Maracaju han sido comparadas para responder: (1) ¿La riqueza de especies y composición florística de trepadoras es similar en el cerradón y en la floresta estacional decidua? (2) ¿Cuáles especies distinguen los dos tipos vegetacionales de otros? (3) ¿Los dos tipos vegetacionales difieren significativamente en mecanismo de ascensión, formas de vida y síndrome de dispersión en las especies trepadoras? Cuatro parcelas por tipo de floresta han sido muestreadas durante 24 meses. Las especies fueron identificadas y caracterizadas en tres rasgos discretos. Las diferencias proporcionales fueron analizadas usando el test chi-cuadrado. La riqueza y composición florística de trepadoras no fue similar en las dos formaciones: 37 especies en el cerradón y 31 en la floresta estacional decidua, con 13 especies compartidas. Dioscoreaceae, Fabaceae, Malpighiaceae y Sapindaceae corresponden al 60 % de las especies trepadoras. Las formaciones poseen características comunes como la forma de vida herbácea, el mecanismo de ascensión voluble y la anemocoria. La familia predominante fue Dioscoreaceae, no prevalente en estudios en Brasil. A pesar de la proximidad geográfica, la composición florística de los fragmentos de cerradón y de la floresta estacional decidua difiere substancialmente. Las características morfológicas de las especies no difieren estadísticamente, posiblemente por las condiciones climáticas uniformes y la fuerte similitud entre las composiciones florísticas de las familias.